![]() Īnstitutum -i n.: fixed course or principle habit, institution, custom In-cŏlo, -ĕre, -lŭi: to inhabit, dwell in + acc.Īquitānī -ōrum m.: the Aquitani, inhabiting southwestern Gaul Gallia, -ae, f.: Gaul, roughly equivalent to modern France Caesar regards the whole country from the standpoint of 'The Province'. The word is used both in the singular (as a compound) and in the plural. the constellations of the great and little Bear. (Walker)Īb Sequanis: ‘on the side of the Sequani. The whole may be freely translated 'which, as has been said, the Gauls occupy'. Quam Gallos obtinere: quam is the object, Gallos the subject of obtinere the infinitive clause quam.obtinere is the subject of dictum est. In eorum finibus: eorum refers to the Germans (Walker)Įorum una pars: Eorum refers back to the Gauls as a whole, not to the Helvetii, who have just been mentioned. as well as the Belgians (Towle & Jenks) ‘also,’ always follows the emphatic word, ‘because they (just as the Belgians) dwell near the Germans.’ (Harper & Tolman) ( AG 322) Qua de causa: ‘For this reason’ (Kelsey) ‘and for this reason’: referring back to proximi, etc., and further explained by quod…contendunt ( AG 404c) (Towle & Jenks)Īd effeminandos animos: ‘to weaken the courage’ (Walker) ( AG 506) ![]() Construe saepe with commeant, minime with both commeant and important ‘least of all do traders (often resort) make frequent journeys back and forth to them and bring in', etc. Traders and peddlers from Massilia (Marseilles) and northern Italy brought wine (their most attractive commodity) and other luxuries on pack mules or even on their own backs (Towle & Jenks)Ĭommeant: ‘make their way to’ (Kelsey) words of motion compounded with cum often contain an idea of ‘hither and thither’ (Walpole). (Allen & Greenough) historical map satellite image The name Provincia has come down to us in the modern Provence. #Caesar iv maps freeIts chief cities were Massilia ( Marseilles), an old Greek free city, and the capital, Narbo ( Narbonne), a Roman colony. Provinciae: the province of Gallia Narbonensis, organized about B. ![]() Sequana, -ae m.: the river Sequana, now the Seine (Walker)Ĭultu atque humanitate: cultus indicates the outward characteristics of civilization (dress, habits of life, etc.) humanitas, the moral characteristics (refinement of thought and feeling, education, etc.) (Merryweather & Tancock). Matrona, -ae m.: the river Matrona, now the Marne. Garumna: Garumna, -ae m., the river Garumna now the Garonne. Gallos.dividit: the verb is singular, because the two rivers make one boundary as we should say, ‘is divided by the line of the Seine and Marne.’ (Allen & Judson ( AG 317b) (Rice Holmes)īelgae : Belgae -arum m., the Belgae or Belgians Aquitani, -orum m.: the Aquitani, inhabiting southwestern Gaul Celtae, -arum m: the Celtae or Celts (Walker) Gallia.divisa: Notice the order of the words. Gallia.omnis: ‘Gaul as a whole,’ contrasted with Gaul in the narrower sense, or Celtic Gaul Celtic Gaul also is often called Gallia. Aquītānia ā Garumnā flūmine ad Pȳrēnaeōs mōntēs et eam partem Ōceanī quae est ad Hispāniam pertinet spectat inter occāsum sōlis et septentriōnēs.Ī brief description of the great divisions of Gaul, and of their inhabitants. ![]() Belgae ab extrēmīs Galliae fīnibus oriuntur pertinent ad īnferiōrem partem flūminis Rhēnī spectant in septentriōnem et orientem sōlem. Eōrum ūna pars, quam Gallōs obtinēre dictum est, initium capit ā flūmine Rhodanō continētur Garumnā flūmine, Ōceanō, fīnibus Belgārum attingit etiam ab Sēquanīs et Helvētiīs flūmen Rhēnum vergit ad septentriōnēs. Quā dē causā Helvētiī quoque reliquōs Gallōs virtūte praecēdunt, quod ferē cotīdiānīs proeliīs cum Germānīs contendunt, cum aut suīs fīnibus eōs prohibent aut ipsī in eōrum fīnibus bellum gerunt. ![]() Hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae, proptereā quod ā cultū atque hūmānitāte prōvinciae longissimē absunt, minimēque ad eōs mercātōrēs saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effēminandōs animōs pertinent important, proximīque sunt Germānīs, quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen, ā Belgīs Mātrona et Sēquana dīvidit. Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt. Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam quī ipsōrum linguā Celtae, nostrā Gallī appellantur. ![]()
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